What is neurofeedback?
Neurofeedback is a form of biofeedback that uses real-time measurements of brain activity — in our case EEG — to help a person learn to shift their own brain state. Sensors placed on the scalp pick up the electrical activity of the cortex underneath. That activity is processed into something the person can perceive: a sound that gets louder, a video that plays more clearly, a visual that brightens when the activity moves in a target direction.
The mechanism is operant conditioning. When the brain produces more of the desired pattern — say, a steadier rhythm in a certain frequency band — the feedback rewards it. Over time, that pattern becomes easier to produce. The person isn't told how to change their brain activity, and they usually can't describe what they're doing; the learning happens below the level of conscious strategy.